Turabian Guide with quick links

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General Formatting

Which Referencing system?

Students enrolled in the Bachelor of Counselling or the Bachelor of Teaching and Worldview Studies programmes should use the APA Referencing system as detailed in their programme student handbook or widely accessible on the internet.

All other Laidlaw College students should use the system detailed below, which follows a style prescribed by the very widely used:

Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 6th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. See http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/turabian/turabian_citationguide.html.

‘Turabian’ provides more detailed guidance for using the style adopted in this guide. For supplementary information specifically directed towards bibliographical issues of style in the disciplines of Bible, Theology and Church History, students should consult:

Alexander, Patrick H., John F. Kutsko, James D. Ernest, Shirley Decker-Lucke, and for the Society of Biblical Literature David L. Petersen. The SBL Handbook of Style for Ancient Near Eastern, Biblical, and Early Christian Studies. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1999.

And

Vyhmeister, Nancy Jean. Your Indispensable Guide to Writing Quality Research Papers For Students of Religion and Theology. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001.

The latter work also provides guidance about the type of thinking presupposed in producing writing in academic theological disciplines and the English style required in expressing it (see particularly ch.VI and ch.XI ).

Options for Citing Inclusive Page References

Do not use f. or ff. to indicate inclusive pages. However, either of the following is acceptable. SBL style adopts Method a), but b) is the simpler of the two.

a)

First Number

Second Number

Examples

Less than 100

Use all digits

3-10, 71-72, 96-117

100 or multiples of 100

Use all digits

100-104, 600-613, 1100-1123

100-109 (in multiples of 100)

Use changed part only, omit unneeded zeros

107-8, 505-17, 1002-6

110-199 (in multiples of 100)

Use two digits, or more if needed.

321-25, 415-523, 1536-38, 1496-504, 14325-28, 11564-78, 13792-804

b)

The second number is only changed in any part only if it differs in that part from the first number. For example:

3-10

600-13

1002-6

1496-504

71-2

100-23

321-5

114325-8

96-117

107-8

415-532

11564-78

100-4

505-17

1536-42

13729-803

Please note though that SBL style insists that inclusive numbers used for dates and premodern texts should use all digits, e.g. 502-500 BCE, 1950-1951, Josephus J.W. 321-329.

Electronic References

If a book is available in more than one format, cite the version you consulted. For books consulted online, include an access date and a URL. If you consulted the book in a library or commercial database, you may give the name of the database instead of a URL. If no fixed page numbers are available, you can include a section title or a chapter or other reference number.

Greek and Hebrew Fonts

The Tyndale Unicode font kit is recommended by the College for typing Greek and Hebrew characters and accents. This free installation kit includes a Greek and Hebrew keyboard mapping, and the Cardo font. For Hebrew, these allow vowel pointing and Masoretic punctuation; for Greek they allow breathing marks, accents and ancient forms. The installation kit can be accessed from the Tyndale website: (http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/greek-hebrew-fonts.) Please note that the Right to Left language feature needs to be activated before the Hebrew font is installed. Full instructions can be found on the Tyndale website.

English transliterations of Greek and Hebrew words should be typed in italics, in the same way as other foreign language terms.

Non-Discriminatory Language

The English language is constantly changing and developing, and it is important to be alert to forms of speech that have acquired exclusive or discriminatory meanings or connotations in recent times. Effort should therefore be made, in both written and oral presentations, to use inclusive or non- discriminatory terms in preference to exclusive terms.

In particular, the terms "man", "men", "mankind", and the masculine pronoun "he", are no longer acceptable to many as generic terms (i.e., terms that denote the human race as a whole, irrespective of gender). These terms now carry exclusive (i.e., male-only) connotations for many. Inclusive substitutes, such as "human being", "human", "humanity", "humankind", "people", "person", etc., should therefore be used.

English lacks an inclusive third-person singular pronoun. However, effort should still be made where possible, to avoid using the singular masculine pronoun ("he") as a generic designation. Various alternatives are available, such as the use of both gender pronouns together ("he/she", "s/he", "his/her", "himself/herself"), recasting the sentence in the plural ("they", "their"), use of the formal impersonal pronoun ("one/one's"), or use of the passive voice.

In direct quotations from other sources, the exact language of the source should be quoted verbatim. No attempt should be made to substitute inclusive categories for any exclusive designations that occur in the original.

While students are recommended to follow the above guidelines, they will not be made a criterion of assessment. In implementing this policy on non- discriminatory language the faculty recognise the need to respect the views of those within the Laidlaw College community who do not conscientiously endorse the expectations of this policy statement.

How to do Quotations

All quotations should be accurately reproduced, including original spelling, punctuation and abbreviations. Quotations appearing within the body of the essay should appear within double quotation marks, and quotations within quotations should appear in single quotation marks.

If it is desirable to omit several words from the original text, such an omission (ellipsis) is indicated by three dots, yet the remaining words must both make sense and be true to the intent of the original. For example:

‘He arrived from England in his early childhood ... never to return.’

Quotations of five or more lines should be a separate, indented paragraph. Such quotations should be single-spaced, without quotation marks.

References to biblical texts should normally be placed in parentheses within the body of the essay rather than in footnotes. If a long string of references is needed, however, it is better to place them in footnotes to avoid interrupting the flow of the main text.

Abbreviations

Biblical Books

In the body of the text, citations of Biblical books without chapter and verse references should be spelled out fully, but those with chapter and verse are abbreviated as follows unless they begin a sentence. When citing Biblical books in parentheses and in footnotes, use the abbreviations below.

Old Testament

Gen

Genesis

Exod

Exodus

Lev

Leviticus

Num

Numbers

Deut

Deuteronomy

Josh

Joshua

Judg

Judges

Ruth

Ruth

1-2 Sam

1-2 Samuel

1- 2 Kgs

1-2 Kings

1-2 Chr

1-2 Chronicles

Ezra

Ezra

Neh

Nehemiah

Esth

Esther

Job

Job

Ps/Pss

Psalms

Prov

Proverbs

Eccl (or Qoh)

Ecclesiastes (or Qoheleth)

Song (or Cant)

Song of Songs (or Canticles)

Isa

Isaiah

Jer

Jeremiah

Lam

Lamentations

Ezek

Ezekiel

Dan

Daniel

Hos

Hosea

Joel

Joel

Amos

Amos

Obad

Obadiah

Jonah

Jonah

Mic

Micah

Nah

Nahum

Hab

Habakkuk

Zeph

Zephaniah

Hag

Haggai

Zech

Zechariah

Mal

Malachi

New Testament

Matt

Matthew

Mark

Mark

Luke

Luke

John

John

Acts

Acts

Rom

Romans

1-2 Cor

Corinthians

Gal

Galatians

Eph

Ephesians

Phil

Philippians

Col

Colossians

1-2 Thess

Thessalonians

1-2 Tim

1-2 Timothy

Titus

Titus

Phlm

Philemon

Heb

Hebrews

Jas

James

1-2 Pet

1-2 Peter

1-2-3 John

1-2-3 John

Jude

Jude

Rev

Revelation

Abbreviations of other primary sources

For more details about abbreviations of other primary sources, including Apocrypha, Dead Sea Scrolls, Talmud, etc., <please click here>.

Or see #8.3.1-8.3.17 in The SBL Handbook of Style. For secondary sources, including books, journals, reference works, etc., see #8.4.1-8.4.2.

Common General Abbreviations

Abbreviations without full stops

Contractions that should not be followed by a full stop, unless they end a sentence:

Mr, Mrs, Ms, Dr, Rev, 2nd, 3rd, PhD

The full stop is normally omitted in references to widely used terms, such as:

NT, OT, MT, IVP, RSV, NIV, TDNT

Abbreviations that are normally followed by a full stop:

Vg., vol., ed., mg.

List of abbreviations with their meanings

acc.

accusative

ad loc.

ad locum, at the place discussed

adj.

Adjective

art.

article

b.

born

biblio.

(Biblio)

bk.

Book

c.

century (after a number)

c. or ca.

circa, about

cent.

century

cf.

confer, compare

ch(s).

chapter(s)

cj.

conjecture

cod.

codex

col(s).

column(s)

comm(s).

commentary, commentaries

conj.

conjunction

consec.

consecutive

const.

construct

cont.

continued

d.

died

dat.

dative

def.

definition

deriv.

derivative

dim.

diminutive

diss.

dissertation

Dyn.

Dynasty

ed(s).

editor(s)

e.g.

exempli gratia, for example

Eg.

Egyptian

emph.

emphatic

ep(s).

episode(s)

et. al.

et alii, and others

etc.

et cetera, and the rest

ex.

example

f(f).

and the following one(s)

f. or fem.

feminine

fig.

figurative(ly)

fut.

Future

gen.

genitive

Gk.

Greek

HB

Hebrew Bible

Heb.

Hebrew

ie.

id est, that is

ibid.

ibidem, in the same place

idem.

the same

impf.

imperfect

impv.

imperative

indic.

indicative

inf.

infinitive

inscr.

inscription

juss.

jussive

line(s)

(always write in full)

lit.

literally

loc. cit.

loco citato, in the place cited

LXX

Septuagint (Greek OT)

m. or masc.

Masculine

mg.

margin(al)

Midr.

Midrash

MS(S)

manuscript(s)

MT

Masoretic Text (of OT)

nNo

note(s)

N.B.

nota bene, note carefully

n.d.

no date

n.p.

no place/publisher/page

neg.

negative

no(s).

number(s)

nom.

Nominative

obj.

object

obs.

Obsolete

op. cit.

opere citato, in the work cited

p(p).

page(s)

pf.

Perfect

pass.

Passive

passim

here and there

per.

person(s)

pl.

plural

poss.

Possessive

prep.

Preposition

pres.

Present

pron.

Pronoun

ptc.

Participle

q.v.

quod vide, which see

re

regarding

resp.

respectively

rev.

revised (by)

sec.

section

Sem.

Semitic

ser.

series

sg.

singular

subj.

subject

subst.

substantive

suf.

suffix

suppl.

supplement

s.v.

sub verbo, under the word

v(v).

verse(s)

viz.

videlicet, namely

voc.

vocative

vol(s).

volume(s)

vs.

versus

Examples of Footnote and Bibliographic style.

  • In what follows, (Foot) refers to formatting of items in the footnotes. (Biblio) refers to formatting in the bibliography.
  • Use capitals for the first and last word of a title and all 'important' words (ie. don't use capitals for prepositions, articles, coordinating conjunctions and to used as part of an infinitive.)
  • Book and Journal titles should be in italics or underlined. Articles and chapters are in quotes.
  • Bibliographies are arranged in alphabetical order, by the surname of the main person responsible for the work.
  • Footnotes have no indents, bibliographies have the author’s name at the margin while subsequent lines are indented.
  • The number preceding the footnote reference is represented in the body of the text by a superscript number (raised above the line of writing), e.g.,

Miller claims that Israel is destined to experience failure. 5

Books with Authors

Single Author

(Foot)

5. J. Gary Millar, Now Choose Life: Theology and Ethics in Deuteronomy (Leicester: Apollos, 1998), 161.

(Biblio)

Millar, J. Gary. Now Choose Life: Theology and Ethics in Deuteronomy. Leicester: Apollos, 1998.

Two [or three] Authors

(Foot)

3. Bruce K. Waltke and M. O’Connor, An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax (Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1990), 343-50.

(Biblio)

Waltke, Bruce K. and M. O’Connor. An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax . Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1990.

Note that in bibliographical references the second (and third) author’s initials or first names are given first.

More Than Three Authors

(Foot)

5. Bernard Brandon Scott et al. [or, and others], Reading New Testament Greek (Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1993), 53.

(Biblio)

Scott, Bernard Brandon, Margaret Dean, Kristen Sparks, and Frances LaZar. Reading New Testament Greek. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1993.

In note form, there is no comma after the first editor’s name before et al. (or, and others). In bibliography form give all the authors’ names.

Books with Editors and/or Translators

Books with translators or editors: format them in the same way as each other, except that for editors use 'ed.' as shown below, and for translators replace this with 'trans.'
If the book has both an editor and a translator, list them in the order in which they appear on the title page of the book.

One Editor or Compiler

(Foot)

8. Bernhard Lang, ed., Anthropological Approaches to the Old Testament (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985), 1-20.

(Biblio)

Lang, Bernhard, ed. Anthropological Approaches to the Old Testament. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985.

Two or Three Editors or Compilers

(Foot)

4. Richard S. Hess and Gordon J. Wenham, eds., Make the Old Testament Live: From Curriculum to Classroom (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), 23.

(Biblio)

Hess, Richard S. and Gordon J. Wenham, eds. Make the Old Testament Live: From Curriculum to Classroom. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998.

More Than Three Editors or Compilers

(Foot)

24. Martin Greenberger et. al. [or, and others], eds., Networks for Research and Education: Sharing of Computer and Information Resources Nationwide (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1974), 50.

(Biblio)

Greenberger, Matin, Julius Aronofsky, James L. Mckenny, and William F. Massy, eds. Networks for Research and Education: Sharing of Computer and Information Resources. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1974.

Volume in Multivolume Work

Volume in Multivolume Work with a General Title and Editor(s)

(Foot)

6. Bruce W. Winter, ed., The Book of Acts in Its First Century Setting, vol. 4, The Book of Acts in Its Palestinian Setting, ed. by Richard Baukam (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995), xiii-xiv.

(Biblio)

Winter, Bruce, ed. The Book of Acts in Its First Century Setting. Vol. 4, The Book of Acts in Its Palestinian Setting, ed. by Richard Baukam. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995.

Volume in Multivolume Work with a General Title and One Author

Referring to Whole work

(Foot)

32. Paul Tillich, Systematic Theology, 3 vols. (Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1951-63).

(Biblio)

Tillich, Paul. Systematic Theology. 3 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951-63.

Referring to a Whole Specific Volume

(Foot)

33. Paul Tillich, Systematic Theology, vol. 2 (Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1957).

(Biblio)

Tillich, Paul. Systematic Theology. Vol. 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957.

When referring to publishers, use only the publisher’s distinctive name, not the fact that it is a press or publishing house. The exception to this is university presses, as above with the University of Chicago Press.

Multiple Components (authors and editors, quotations within other works)

Component Part by One Author in a Work by Another

(Foot)

11. Gordon J. Wenham, “The Akedah: A Paradigm of Sacrifice,” in Pomegranates and Golden Bells: Studies in Biblical, Jewish, and Near Eastern Ritual, Law and Literature in Honor of Jacob Milgrom, ed. David P. Wright, David Noel Freeman and Avi Hurvitz (Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1995), 95.

(Biblio)

Wenham, Gordon J. “The Akedah: A Paradigm of Sacrifice.” In Pomegranates and Golden Bells: Studies in Biblical, Jewish, and Near Eastern Ritual, Law and Literature in Honor of Jacob Milgrom, ed. David P. Wright, David Noel Freeman and Avi Hurvitz , 93-102. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1995.

(or, alternatively, use the bibliography form in the SBL Guide)

(Biblio)

Wenham Gordon, “The Akedah: A Paradign of Sacrifice.” Pages 93-102 in Pomegranates and Golden Bells: Studies in Biblical, Jewish and Near Eastern Ritual, Law and Literature in Honor of Jacob Milgrom. Edited by David P. Wright, David Noel Freeman and Avi Hurvitz. Winona lake, Ind., Eisenbrauns, 1995.

Commentary by One Author in a Multivolume Work with a General Title and Editor(s)

(Foot)

22. Terence Fretheim, “The Book of Genesis,” in The New Interpreters Bible Commentary, vol. 1, ed. Leander E. Keck, et. al. (Nashville: Abingdon, 1994), 349.

(Biblio)

Fretheim, Terence. “The Book of Genesis.” In The New Interpreters Bible. Commentary, vol. 1, ed. Leander E. Keck, et. al. Nashville: Abingdon, 1994.

Component Part within a Work by One Author

(Foot)

9. George Mendenhall, “ The ‘Vengeance’ of Yahweh,” in The Tenth Generation: The Origins of The Biblical Tradition (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), 88.

(Biblio)

Mendenhall,George. “ The ‘Vengeance’ of Yahweh.” In The Tenth Generation: The Origins of The Biblical Tradition. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.

Secondary Source of Quotation

(Foot)

29. Roland Barthes, “La mort de l’auteur” (The death of the author), Manteia, vol. 5 (1968); trans. Stephen Heath in Image/Music/Text (New York: Hill and Wang,1977), 147; quoted in Wayne C. Booth, Understanding Powers and Limits of Pluralism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 372-73, n. 9.

(Biblio)

Barthes, Roland. “La mort de l’auteur” (The death of the author). Manteia, vol. 5 (1968). Translated by Stephen Heath in Image/Music/Text. New York: Hill and Wang, 1977, 147. Quoted in Wayne C. Booth, Understanding Powers and Limits of Pluralism, 372-73, n. 9. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.

Articles in Dictionaries and Encyclopaedias

Unsigned Article

If the reference book is particularly well known, it is not normally listed in the bibliography. In the note format the details of publication are usually omitted, but the edition, if not the first, must be specified.

(Foot)

48. Columbia Encyclopedia, 5th ed., s.v. “cold war”

(Biblio)

(No reference.)

Signed Article

In the bibliography, either cite the general information about the dictionary or omit reference to it altogether if it occurs in the list of abbreviations in the SBL Manual.

(Foot)

9. Duane A. Garrett, “Type, Typology,” in Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology, ed. Walter A. Elwell (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1996), 786.

(Biblio)

Elwell, Walter A., ed. Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1996.

Theological Wordbooks

(Foot)

49. M. Weinfeld, “berith,” TDOT 2:253-79.

Subsequent footnotes to the same article only need a reference to the volume and page:

(Foot)

50. Weinfeld, TDOT 2:260.

If no Hebrew or Greek fonts are available, or if you are unable to write basic Hebrew or Greek terms, simply give the transliteration. Two alternative transliteration styles for Hebrew, the Academic and the General Purpose, are listed in the SBL Handbook # 5.1.1 and # 5.1.2, and the SBL Greek transliteration is provided in # 5.3.

Note the use of italics for abbreviations of book titles.

With standard reference works such as Theological Wordbooks there is no need to give a separate bibliographical entry, these works are covered by recognised abbreviations, as listed in the SBL Handbook.

Article in a Journal

(Foot)

22. Richard Jackson, “Running down the Up-Escalator: Regional Inequality in Papua New Guinea,” Australian Geographer 14 (May 1979): 180.

(Biblio)

Jackson, Richard. “Running down the Up-Escalator: Regional Inequality in Papua New Guinea.” Australian Geographer 14 (May 1979): 175-84.

Subsequent References to the same work in footnotes

Same work but different page

a) Author plus shortened title:

Example for a journal.

(Foot)

28. Jackson, “Running Down,” 178.

Example for a book.

(Foot)

28. Thiselton, Two Horizons, 103.

or

b) Shortened title only:

(Foot)

28. “Running Down,” 178.

(Foot)

28. Two Horizons, 103.

Using ibid and idem

It is also possible to use the terms ibid. and idem to refer to subsequent references when these follow with no intervening references. In this case, ibid. is used in place of the author’s name, the title of the work, and as much of the succeeding material as is identical.

The following example is a journal citation.

(Foot)

22. Richard Jackson, “Running down the Up-Escalator: Regional Inequality in Papua New Guinea,” Australian Geographer 14 (May 1979): 180.

Now a subsequent reference to the same work and same page:

(Foot)

22. ibid.

When the reference to the work is to a different page:

(Foot)

24. ibid., 178.

Ibid. must not be used for an author’s name in a single note to refer to two different works by the same author. For the second work the author’s name may be repeated or idem (“the same”) may be used. The following example is from a book:

(Foot)

5. Anthony C. Thiselton, The Two Horizons: New Testament Hermeneutics and Philosophical Description (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980), 103.

(Foot)

6. ibid., 104.

(Foot)

7. Anthony C. Thiselton, New Horizons in Hermeneutics: The Theory and Practice of Transforming Biblical Reading (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992), 55.

(Foot)

8. ibid., 57.

(Foot)

9. ibid., 59; idem, Two Horizons, 104.

Note that idem is not an abbreviation and therefore is not followed by a period.

Do not use the terms op. cit. and loc. cit. for subsequent references to previously cited works. For further details see Turabian, # 8.85- 87.

Electronic References.

CD-ROM Reference (with a printed counterpart)

This group of materials may be regarded as fixed in form, though periodic updates are sometimes made.

In general, references to electronic sources may follow the basic form that applies to printed materials, but additional information required is:

  • The physical media (CD-ROM, etc.)
  • The vendor or publisher, or both
  • Date of publication or access, or both
  • Identifying numbers or pathway needed for access to the materials

Where the material has previously been issued in printed form the reference should use the style that applies to books or journals, plus information necessary to locate the electronic form.

(Foot)

12. W. Osborne, “Mountains,” n.p. NIDBT in The Essential IVP Reference Collection on CD-ROM. Version 1.1, 2001.

(Biblio)

Osborne, W. “Mountains.” The New International Dictionary of Biblical Theology. The Essential IVP Reference Collection on CD-ROM. Logos Library System 2.0, 2000. Print ed.: T.D Alexander and B. Rosner, eds. The New International Dictionary of Biblical Theology. Leicester, UK: IVP, 2000.

Electronic Book

This group of materials may be regarded as fixed in form, though periodic updates are sometimes made.

Additional information required is:

  • The vendor or publisher, or both
  • Date of publication
  • Identifying numbers or pathway needed for access to the materials

Where the material has previously been issued in printed form the reference should use the style that applies to books or journals, plus information necessary to locate the electronic form. Note that systems such as Logos will automatically include referencing details as a footnote if you copy and paste from them.

(Foot)

12. Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration (New York: Vintage, 2010), 183–84, Kindle.

(Biblio)

Wilkerson, Isabel. The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration. New York: Vintage, 2010. Kindle.

Internet Publication (with no printed counterpart)

This group of materials is often revised, sometimes at very short intervals. This means that it is important that references to internet materials should supply precise information about the time at which it was accessed.

In general, references to electronic sources may follow the basic form that applies to printed materials, but additional information required is:

  • The on-line source
  • The vendor or publisher, or both
  • Date of publication or access, or both
  • Identifying numbers or pathway needed for access to the materials

Where the material has previously been issued in printed form the reference should use the style that applies to books or journals, plus information necessary to locate the electronic form.

(Foot)

24. Paul Barnett, “Tom Wright and the New Perspective,” n.p. Paul Barnett Papers. Cited 5 May 2002. Online: http://www.anglicanmediasydney.asn.au/pwb/ntwright_perspective.htm

(Biblio)

Barnett, Paul. “Tom Wright and the New Perspective.” No pages. Paul Barnett Papers. Cited 5 May 2002. Online: http://www.anglicanmediasydney.asn.au/pwb/ntwright_perspective.htm

For other examples of references to electronic media see SBL Handbook # 7.3.13-14; Vyhmeister, pp. 80-81; Turabian, #8.141.

A fuller account of citation of online materials consistent with the general style adopted in this guide may be consulted in A. Harnack and E. Kieppinger, Online! A Reference Guide to Using Internet Services (Bradford: St Martin’s, 2000).

Untranslated Texts

Untranslated books and articles should be cited in their original language with an English translation in parenthesis. (The citation should be handwritten if the correct non-romanised font cannot be electronically inserted.)

Last modified: Thursday, 27 October 2016, 5:30 PM